Tuesday 28 June 2016

Representation

Within music videos there are several different representations of women, most of which involve women displaying their sexuality and their bodies purely to sell the song. There are many theories about female representation that have developed over the years, these include:

Voyeurism: Sigmund Freud concluded that erotic pleasure can be gained by looking at a sexual object (preferably when the object is unaware it is being watched)
Male Gaze: Laura Mulvey proposed that because filmmakers are often male, the presence of women is often for the purposes of display rather than narrative. This is to facilitate a voyeuristic response in spectators, which presumes a make gaze (regardless of the spectator's gender) one that is or may feel like a powerful controlling gaze at the female on display who is effectively objectified and passive. In male performance videos the voyeuristic treatment of the female body is often apparent, with the use of dancers as adornments to the male star ego.
Exhibitionism: Female performers being at once sexually provocative and apparently in control of and inviting sexualised gaze in what could be termed as the opposite of voyeurism.
Raunch Culture: In her book Female Chauvinist Pigs: Women and the Rise of Raunch Culture, Andrea Levy attacks the increasing sexualised culture that objectifies women. She argues that women are encouraged to see themselves as objects and to see sex as their only source of power.






Male Gaze is something that is present in the majority of music videos that have come out in the last few years. This may be because someone figured out that the combination of scantily-clad women and shirtless men equals a winning, money-making combination. This however does not bode well for young women and new female artists in particular.

Artists like Jennifer Lopez and Britney Spears are all for feminism on the outside but when it comes down to it they, like the majority of the music industry, have learnt through experience that there is a specific formula that equals success. This formula can be seen in practice in the above two music videos, both by Jennifer Lopez, one of the most popular and established artists in the music industry.

I Luh Ya Papi- on the surface this music video seems to be promoting female inhibitions and the female gaze but when looked at further it is clear that although men are being objectified...so are the women. The point of the video is to emulate a male rap video with half naked extras and expensive boats however, in all of these classic male rap videos, never is the man inappropriately dressed. This shows the double standard for men and women in the industry as a man can happily sell his music by being surrounded by naked women but a women cannot do the same and if she tries she must be inappropriately dressed so that she and her music can appeal to men. Thus supporting Laura Mulvey's male gaze theory.
In its critical reception, Lily Rothman of Time magazine put it perfectly by raising the question "If she and her girlfriends are upset enough about women being objectified in music videos to make a whole video skewering that tradition, why respond by objectifying other people?"

Videos that do not fit the traditional stereotypes for women:



Thursday 23 June 2016

Audience- why and how do you consume music?

When?
I listen to music pretty much whenever I can but I typically listen to music when I'm getting ready in the morning or to go out, when on the bus to school and when I'm with friends.
The music I listen to varies on the time of day, for example: if i'm getting ready for a party or to go out I will listen to more upbeat music like 90s club classics and dance music but when I'm on the bus I will just listen to my playlist or whatever genre of music I feel I want to listen to at that time. 

Where?
I listen to music in my bedroom and on the bus predominantly but when I'm with friends we will just blast the music out and sing along. I enjoy going to festivals and concerts with friends as I believe there is nothing better than live music and the atmosphere that goes with watching someone you love perform live.

Who with?
I listen to music by myself and with friends depending on the type of music and the situation. Sometimes I just want to listen to music by myself as a way of escaping but other times I want to dance and sing along to the songs my friends and I used to listen to when we were younger. To me there is nothing better than finding someone or a group of people that like the same music as you and that you can share new music you have found with.

How?
I listen to music via streaming sites like Spotify which are great because every song that you may want to listen to is at your fingertips, ready and accessible whenever you want to listen to them. For example, just the other day I was on the bus and I had the sudden urge to listen to Jennifer Hudson and because of applications like Spotify I was listening to Spotlight in no time.
I also have songs on my phone that I know I will always want to listen to which is great because if I have no internet connection I always have those songs and albums available to me. Albums by people like Beyonce and Michael Jackson I know I will love and enjoy forever and so they have a permanent place in my music library.

Why?
Music has always been really importune to me, ever since I was a kid. I have always looked up to people like Beyonce and strived to be just as successful and strong as they are in whatever I do. Beyonce's strength and beauty has always empowered me to be strong and to keep on fighting, which I get sounds strange because I've never met her but the way she conducts herself in public and the messages she puts across through her music is so powerful and is so identifiable and relatable to all of her fans around the world.
Not only that but music has the power to change things which is something people seem to have forgotten over the years. One song can define an age or a whole movement. Thriller was so powerful and phenomenal at the time that it kickstarted a whole new style of music videos and songs like Blowin' in the Wind by Bob Dylan were so moving during the 1960s as they campaigned for peace during a time of war.

Personal Identification: The mood I'm in affects the music that I listen to because music is so expressive and can fit perfectly with what I'm trying to say or how I feel. Whenever I'm angry or frustrated I'll leave my house, take a walk and listen to rap music like Kanye West's Black Skinhead because it is so passionate and angry that it can mimic my anger so effortlessly.
Information: Sometimes songs can actually help you learn a topic or new words. For me, I learnt a lot about Alexander Hamilton through the soundtrack to the musical Hamilton.
Social Interaction: When my friends and I are together we often listen to music from when we were growing up (90s and 00s) and so that era of music joins us together. For example, whenever we are at a party or together, songs like No Scrubs by TLC get us all together because we have a dance routine to it and know the song off by heart.
Mood Music: Whenever I'm getting ready, 90s club classics are always my go to genre of music because they get me excited and make me get ready faster which is always a good thing as I am usually the last person ready.




Saturday 18 June 2016

Dry The River- No Rest

Today in class, we listened to a song and were asked to close our eyes and envision what the accompanying music video would look like and what would happen. This task was extremely useful and interesting as it made us think about narrative, performance and concept music videos as well as the importance of having a music video that matches the lyrics and meaning of the song itself.

Music
The first task we were given was to listen to the song and each come up with ideas of how we think the music video to this song would go and what it would include. As a class we came up with some different ideas but most of chose a narrative music video with elements of performance rather than solely performance.
When I first heard the song I could imagine a man standing on a city street, surrounded by lots of people. He would be standing alone but be surrounded by hundreds of people, all of which are moving in high speed compared to his stillness. This would be the performance element of the music video with a narrative being shown simultaneously, the focus of the video switching repeatedly from the narrative to the performance.

Other ideas that the class came up with were:
- A narrative music video that follows an abusive/dysfunctional relationship between a man and a women. This would be predominantly set in a rundown motel, giving a gritty feel to the video and the song.
- A band performing the song in real time, with instruments etc. The camera would begin focusing on them, and then slow build up as the song progressed. When the chorus begins, the band would start to get dust, paint or confetti etc. thrown over them as they sing and the song builds to a climax.

Lyrics
We were then given the lyrics and told to write any ideas that came into our head after seeing the lyrics and hearing the song again.
After reading the lyrics, analysing and interpreting them, I began to realise that the song is much darker than I had previously thought. This made me rethink my idea for the music video. I decided that the performance element in the city did not really fit the lyrics or the meaning of the song so instead I came up with the idea of a narrative/performance music video that followed the story of an older man as he walks through his life and remembers the love of his life. You would be watching him, watching his life pass by like a movie; the most memorable moments of his life being highlighted. The music video would end with him walking into a graveyard and looking down at the grave of his wife as the camera pans to his younger self singing the song.

Visuals
Finally, after hearing the song, seeing the lyrics and coming up with our own ideas, we were shown the actual music video for the song 'No Rest' by the band Dry the River.
The music video to the song is interesting and visually stunning, working perfectly with the song as it is both subtle and understated just like the song itself.
After having come up with our own visuals to match the song we were shocked to see such a simple music video but after having watched it, we realised why it works for the song and why the band came up with the idea.

This task was extremely useful it helped me realise the importance of every element when devising a music video. It was especially useful in helping me realise that when making a music video its not just about the ideas you have when you hear the song but its about analysing the lyrics and the meaning of the song itself so you can make a poignant and interesting music video that references the lyrics and brings the song, and the lyrics, to life.



                                                             "No Rest" 

I used to be a king alone
Like Solomon or Rehoboam
And in the eaves, the Corvidae
Did jealous keep my picture frames
And everything did oxidate in place.

But then you came, a single cell
With astrolabe and carousel
And algebra and symmetry
And none of this was lost on me
And I could see how still I’d been before

If I don’t eat, I don’t sleep at all
Like limbs in procession,
Like so many birds
Stampeding like oxen,
Our hearts are a herd

I loved you in the best
I loved you in the best way possible
I loved you in the best

Did you see the light in my heart?
Did you see the sweat on my brow?
Did you see the fear in my heart?
Did you see me bleeding out?

I loved you in the best
I loved you in the best way possible
I loved you in the best way possible
I loved you in the best way possible
I loved you in the best…

Thursday 16 June 2016

Music Video Theory: Carol Vernallis

Carol Vernallis Music Video Theory 
Her theory is based around 4 key concepts: Narrative, Editing, Camera Movement/Framing and Diegesis.
Narrative
Suggests that the video is a visual response to the narrative, as in whatever is happening visually reflects the lyrics in the song. However, also says how the narrative may not always be completed and can be partial with the video appearing disjointed, disconnected and fragmented. Doesn't have to answer every question about the narrative. 
Editing 
Says that the video may disrupt or break the conventions of continuity editing. The editing may also be bought to the foreground, become visible and not hidden opposed to the invisible style of continuity editing, meaning the video will have a style of editing running throughout that is distinctive to that video. 


This classic noughties hit from Gwen Stefani, 'The Sweet Escape', has an extremely interesting music video with over two-hundred and four different cuts in total.

The majority of the editing in this music video includes quick, sharp cuts which create a fast paced and exciting feel for the music video. The combination of performance and narrative works really well here as it makes the video interesting. The narrative doesn't really have much relevance to the song itself but as Carol Vernallis states; the narrative can be disjointed, fragmented and doesn't have to answer every question.
In terms of camera movement and framing, when Gwen Stefani is singing, the camera framing alternates between close up shots and medium close up shots of her. These establish her as the star of the music video and so the most important element of this video. She is occasionally shown in a full length shot but the majority of shots are medium close ups.


Despite having other people in the music video, the camera work makes it impossible for the audience to focus on anyone else but her. She is always in the middle of her dancers and is in nearly every shot of the 204 that comprise this music video.

There are only a few clear examples of editing other than the cuts and they can be seen in the image below. Throughout the music video, there are moments when a magical effect transitions between two shots, often these two shots will be in two different places and so the transition is a way of connecting them seamlessly. The style of editing is evident throughout the music video and is clearly being brought to the foreground as it is obvious and not as subtle as film editing.


Finally, Carol Vernallis' theory of diegesis can be seen throughout this music video as several of the same shots are being repeated and there are only a handful of locations within the video. These include the jail cell/prison scenes, the hotel room, the car park, the car itself and the area with the blue background which is covered in lights. The narrative is revealed slowly throughout the music video as the opening scenes seem quite confusing but as the music video progresses the narrative begins to make more sense in relation to the song. 

Camera Movements/Framing 
States that establishing shots are one of the key features of a music video and are used frequently throughout, other key shots are medium and close up shots which establish the artist.
Diegesis
The setting of the music video. Vernallis explains how the diegesis will be revealed quite slowly. The actions in the video are not always completed and may be disrupted in some way. Repetition is key throughout the music video as some frames will appear more important than others due to the way they have been shot. 

Music Video Theory: Andrew Goodwin

Andrew Goodwin's Music Video Theory

“Music videos ignore common narrative as they are essentially advertisements. As consumers, we make up our own meaning of a song in our minds: a music video can anchor meaning and gives the record company/artist a method of anchoring meaning.”

Key Aspects
1.   Thought Beats- Where you ‘see’ the sound.
This is when you look into the music and interpret a chorus
“The voice within the song”- Adele is known as a storyteller

2.   Narrative and Performance 
Should avoid a common narrative as their role is more to advertise than become a story.
The artist therefore will become both a participant and narrator within the music video to increase its authenticity for the audience. 


This music video is a perfect example of Andrew Goodwin's theory of narrative and performance. Here we can see a story unfolding which correlates directly to the meaning of the song itself, whilst at the same time we can see Sam Smith performing alone, on a stage which further suggests that this a sad and emotional song as he is alone. 
This music video perfectly conveys a heartfelt story filled with emotion and empathy by combining elements of narrative and performance. It is the perfect music video for this song and for songs similar to this as it forces the audience to empathise with the female in the video as the entire video is form her point of view so you naturally root for her and her happiness; therefore disliking anyone that harms her emotionally or physically.

3.   The Star Image 
He believes that an iconic star image can increase the audience’s awareness of the artist and therefore can show a development of the star over time which will increase the audiences in their videos.



The music video to Beyoncé's chart topping hit 'Love on Top' clearly demonstrates Andrew Goodwin's theory of the Star Image. Here, Beyoncé is standing in front of her male back up singers thus indicating that she is the most important and the recurring close up shots further reinforce that she is the star of the music video.

4.   Relation of Visuals to Song
-Illustrate: this is when a music video can use a set of images in order to illustrate the meaning of the lyrics and represent the genre of the music video. This is commonly used as it is easy yet effective. 


Whitney Houston's upbeat music video to 'How Will I Know' incorporates elements of Andrew Goodwin's theory of relating the visuals in a music video to the song, particularly illustrating visuals that relate to the lyrics. For example; when Whitney sings the line "I say a prayer with every heartbeat", she and her dancers all make the hand gesture of praying thus illustrating what she was saying in her lyrics.

-Amplify: Goodwin stated that this is when particular meanings or effects of the video are constantly manipulated/emphasised and are shown throughout the video in order for the audience to generate their own interpretation of the visuals and become engaged in what is on screen. 
-Disjuncture: This contrasts the previous step and Goodwin identified that in some music videos the meaning of the song is completely ignored and there is no reference to the lyrics. 

5.   Technical Aspects of a Music Video
Camera: this includes camera movement, camera angles and camera composition (depth of field.)
Sound: this includes the pace of the song and its pitch. These all change with different types of genres within the music industry e.g: rock/pop.
Mies-En-Scene: this includes, for example: the location of the music video, the costume the artist/characters are wearing, the make up people are wearing and many more to ensure it is believable. 

6.    Editing
These are the effects added to clips of film in post production. This can change with the face of the film clip and ensures that viewers remain interested in the visuals. 

Wednesday 15 June 2016

What Music Means To Me

A song from when I was younger:



I believe that a good song or a song you love reminds you of a specific time in your life or a memory. This song does this for me because I distinctly remember the first time I heard it; I was in the car with my dad and brother and Crazy In Love by Beyoncé came on the radio and I recall instantly loving it and wanting to dance and sing. At that moment I knew, that one day I would see her in concert and ever since that day I have been obsessed with Beyoncé and everything she has done.
Not only is she a wonderful role model to girls everywhere as she demonstrates beauty can come in all shapes and sizes but she is also independent and a business woman in her own right.
I would have to say that she is my idol as I not only idolise her power and strength but also her independence.

A song from when I joined high school:



This is one song I have loved ever since I can remember. As I grew up in the noughties I was, and still am, obsessed with artists such as JoJo, Ne-yo, Mario, Usher and obviously groups like the Spice Girls, Destiny's Child, Mis-Teeq and Atomic Kitten.
This song was one of the first songs I knew the words to and taught me about girl power and she as an artist was so relatable because she was really young. I looked up to her and fell in love with this song.
I can tell that this song was a big part of my life because I still listen to it now and will continue to listen to it because it will never get old for me.

A song that I listen to now:



From my previous choices it is clear that I enjoy pop music but that's not the only genre of music that I enjoy listening to. For me, what I listen to depends on the mood I'm in at that moment. For example; I could go from listening to Beyoncé, to listening to Chris Stapleton and country music then back to rap and hip hop music by Jay-Z or NWA.
This song is an example of my love for country music. My dad brought me up on country music and people like Johnny Cash so as a result I have grown up with a genuine love of country music.
This song is a great example of a typical country song but for me it's more than that. It explains how every girl has felt at some point in their life if they've ever had a crush on someone; making it incredibly relatable. Not only that but this song is just so nice to listen to and has become one of my favourite, and most frequently listened to, songs at the moment.